Why is it called saponification?

The reaction is called a saponification from the Latin sapo which means soap. The name comes from the fact that soap used to be made by the ester hydrolysis of fats. Due to the basic conditions a carboxylate ion is made rather than a carboxylic acid.

What is the application of saponification number?

The saponification number indicates the amount of fatty substances in the oil. Saponification number is the number of milligrams of KOH that combines with the fat in 1 gram of oil to form the soap. Therefore, it can be concluded the higher the number, the higher the amount of fatty material is in the oil.

What does unsaponifiable mean?

: incapable of being saponified —used especially of the portion of oils and fats other than the glycerides unsaponifiable fractions such as steroids or vitamin A.

Why is my homemade soap sticky?

If the soap is still sticky/soft after a day or two of unmolding then there was a problem with the recipe – too much fat or water. Each fat had its own saponification value so if you start swapping oils in you will run into issues unless you adjust the lye with the lye calculator.

Does Dove soap have lye?

It is true that the words “lye” or “sodium hydroxide” do not appear on the Dove ingredient label. But, the first ingredients listed were sodium tallowate, sodium cocoate, and sodium palm kernelate. Yes, Dove is made with lye!

What is difference between esterification and saponification?

The difference between esterification and saponification are tabulated below….Differences between saponification and esterification?

What is SAP value in soap making?

Saponification Values in Soap Making. SAP values are the numeric values that allow you to calculate the precise amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to fully saponify a given weight of oil/s.

What is saponification test?

As a result of the Saponification process, the fatty acids are hydrolyzed in presence of an alkali so as to form salts of alkali and alcohol. It can also be confirmed by performing pH test, which involves dissolving the soap in a freshly prepared 1:3 water and isopropyl alcohol mixture.

What is saponification process?

Saponification can be defined as a “hydration reaction where free hydroxide breaks the ester bonds between the fatty acids and glycerol of a triglyceride, resulting in free fatty acids and glycerol,” which are each soluble in aqueous solutions.

What is saponification example?

Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester under acidic or basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of a carboxylic acid. Saponification is commonly used to refer to the reaction of a metallic alkali (base) with a fat or oil to form soap. Example: Ethanoic acid reacts with alcohols in the presence of a conc.

What is the importance of saponification?

Saponification is important to the industrial user for it helps to know the amount of free fatty acid that is present in a food material. The quantity of free fatty acid can be distinguished by determining the quantity of alkali that must be added to the fat or oil to make it neutral.

What percentage of soap is lye?

When most recipes refer to full water, they are usually calculating a lye solution strength between 25% and 28%, which means that 25% to 28% of the solution is lye and the remainder (72% to 75%) is water. A 25% lye solution is made of 25% lye and 75% water.

How do you find saponification value?

Saponification Value = (A – B) x N x 56.1 W This method is used to determine the total acid content, both free and combined, of tall oil. (Acid number only measures the free acid). The combined acids are primarily esters formed by reaction with the neutral components present in the original tall oil.

How soap is made step by step?

1. 10 steps to making soaps.
2. Step 1 – Cook. Pour the coconut oil, olive oil, water and soda crystals into the boiler in the correct proportion and heat to 100 degrees.
3. Step 2 – Remove.
4. Step 3 – Stir.
5. Step 4 – Add.
6. Step 5 – Pour.
7. Step 6 – Flatten.
8. Step 7 – Cool.

What can replace lye in soap?

The main way that you can make soap without handling lye is by using melt-and-pour soap. It’s already been through saponification (oils reacting with lye) and is safe to use and handle straight out of the package. All you do with it is melt it, add your scent, color, and other additives, then pour it into molds.

What is a saponification value?

Saponification value is defined as the amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams required to saponify one gram of fat or oil under the conditions specified (AOCS Method Cd 3–25 and AOCS Method Cd 3c–91).

What is the formula for soap?

Soaps are denoted by the general formula RCOO-Na+, where R is any long chain alkyl group consisting 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Some common examples of fatty acids that are used in soaps are stearic acid having chemical formula C17H35COOH, palmitic acid having chemical formula C15H31COOH.

How do you harden homemade soap?

How to Get Harder, Longer-Lasting Homemade Soap

1. Use a water reduction. Lye needs to be dissolved in water in order to turn oils into soap.
2. Add some wax. A small amount of beeswax added to the melted oils will help harden your soap.
3. Add sodium lactate.
4. Increase the olive oil.
5. Add some salt.

What does salt do in soap making?

Different oils make your soap harder or softer, depending on their fatty acid makeup. However, many soap makers add a bit of salt to their soap to help increase the hardness.

What is water discounting in soap making?

Water discounting helps the soap release from the mold faster. Using less water also results in a shorter curing and drying time, as there is less water to evaporate from the soap. Soapers may also choose to water discount if the recipe contains additives that naturally contain water, like fruit or vegetable purees.

How do you calculate total fat matter in soap?

A rapid single step method for direct determination of total fatty matter (TFM) of soaps has been developed. The procedure involves two‐phase titration of a 2% solution of soap in ethanol : 2‐propanol (4 : 1 v/v) under alkaline conditions with 0.01 M solution of p‐tert.

Why is NaOH used in saponification?

Soap is produced by a saponification or basic hydrolysis reaction of a fat or oil. Currently, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide is used to neutralize the fatty acid and convert it to the salt.

What happens if you put too much lye in soap?

When soap is made with too much lye, it is called “lye-heavy.” This means there is extra, free floating lye that was not made into soap during the saponification process. Lye heavy soap can be irritating when applied to the skin and should not be used or sold. Lye heavy soap is often crumbly or dry feeling.

Why does my homemade soap smell bad?

The main cause for your soap to smell bad is rancid oils. Another reason might be that the fragrance fade or changes in cold process soap. Sometimes with cold process soap, it tends to have a chemical smell at the beginning of the cure; however, this usually goes away after some time.

How do I know if my soap is lye heavy?

Normal soap pH is around 9-10. If the soap is 9-10 it will turn light green. If the soap is pH 11-14, it is lye heavy. The pH strip will turn a dark green or purple in that case.

How do you calculate Superfat in soap making?

Superfatting is either adding an extra amount of oil to your soap recipe but keeping the lye amount the same, or using the same amount of oil and less lye. For example, using 9 1/2 ounces of lye instead of 10 ounces would amount to percent superfatting.

How do you make homemade soap not sticky?

Hi MK8, Shea butter is contributing to the drag or stickiness. I find that salt water soap sometimes called a Brine Soap rinse very well. Add 8% salt (as the % of oil) to the water before adding the lye.

Why is my soap not hardening?

Too much extra liquid (milk, purees, etc.) on top of the water in the lye solution causes soap to not harden correctly. The type of mold also affects how quickly soap hardens. In general, cold process soap made in silicone and plastic molds takes longer to harden and umold.

What is saponification and esterification explain with example?

Esters react in the presence of an acid or a base to give back alcohol and carboxylic acid. This reaction is used in the manufacture of soaps and is known as saponification. Esterification is the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester and water.

How is saponification used today?

Wet chemical fire extinguishers use saponification to convert burning oils and fats into non-combustible soap. While sodium hydroxide hard soap and potassium hydroxide soft soap are used for everyday cleaning, there are soaps made using other metal hydroxides. Lithium soaps are used as lubricating greases.