What is Lvoto?

Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) can occur at the valvular, subvalvular, or supravalvular level. In general, there is an obstruction to forward flow which increases afterload, and if untreated, can result in hypertrophy, dilatation, and eventual failure of the left ventricle.

What is chordal Sam?

Chordal SAM was defined as systolic anterior motion involving only the chordae tendineae (Fig. 2) [31]. The LVOT area was calculated from the length of the LOVT in the parasternal long- axis view at early systole.

What is significant Lvot gradient?

A significant gradient is generally considered to be an LVOT gradient >50 mmHg (1).

What does gradient mean in HCM?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and aortic valve stenosis (AS) are conditions characterized by left-sided hemodynamic gradients. In HCM, myocardial hypertrophy with abnormalities of the mitral valve apparatus leads to a dynamic subvalvular left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient in most patients (1, 2, 3, 4).

What is LVH?

Left ventricular hypertrophy is a thickening of the wall of the heart’s main pumping chamber. This thickening may result in elevation of pressure within the heart and sometimes poor pumping action. The most common cause is high blood pressure.

What is intracavitary gradient?

Diastolic intracavitary gradient in the left ventricle is a common finding in patients with apical hypertrophy. We report the case of a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and midventricular obstruction. The paradoxical jet flow in this patient, during diastole, was directed towards the base away from the apex.

What is Sam echo?

The systolic anterior motion (SAM) of valve structures in the mitral echogram in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has previously been considered to be anterior motion and re-opening of mitral valve leaflets, causing left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and mitral regurgitation.

What is Sam in Hocm?

Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve is the cause of dynamic outflow obstruction in most patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). There is agreement that SAM is caused by the action of left ventricular (LV) flow on the protruding mitral valve leaflet (1).

What is LV outflow tract gradient?

LVOT obstruction is defined as a peak instantaneous gradient greater than or equal to 30 mm Hg. A gradient greater than or equal to 50 mm Hg is generally recognized as the threshold at which LVOT obstruction becomes hemodynamically significant.

How is Lvot gradient measured?

LVOT pressure gradient was estimated by utilizing the modified Bernoulli equation: P=4 V2, where P is pressure gradient in mm Hg and V is maximal flow velocity in m/s. For each study, an average of the three highest velocity beats was obtained.

What is LV outflow gradient?

What is mean gradient in aortic stenosis?

Aortic stenosis (AS) is defined as severe in the presence of: mean gradient ≥40 mmHg, peak aortic velocity ≥4 m/s, and aortic valve area (AVA) ≤1 cm2 (or an indexed AVA ≤0.6 cm2/m2).

What does integrity mean?

In ethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of one’s actions.” Let me call out the key words in this definition that are often missed.

What is the difference between integrity and probity?

integrity implies trustworthiness and incorruptibility to a degree that one is incapable of being false to a trust, responsibility, or pledge. probity implies tried and proven honesty or integrity.

What are examples of integrity in workplace?

Honesty and trust are central to integrity, as is consistency. Here are examples of integrity in action so you can recognize this important character trait in employees and coworkers. What Is Integrity? A person with integrity demonstrates sound moral and ethical principles and does the right thing, no matter who’s watching.

What are the basic tenets of integrity?

Honesty and trust are central to integrity. Acting with honor and truthfulness are also basic tenets in a person with integrity. People who demonstrate integrity draw others to them because they are trustworthy and dependable. They are principled and you can count on them to behave in honorable ways even when no one is watching.