How alpha-ketoglutarate is formed from glutamate?

Glutamate can be synthesized via multiple routes, with two primary sources of synthesis being alpha-ketoglutarate by the enzyme aminotransferase and glutamine by the enzyme glutaminase. Glutamate is metabolized by the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) back to alpha-ketoglutarate.

How alpha-keto acid is formed?

Alpha-keto acids, Alpha-ketoacids, or 2-oxoacids have the keto group adjacent to the carboxylic acid. They often arise by oxidative deamination of amino acids, and reciprocally, they are precursors to the same. Alpha-keto acids possesses extensive chemistry as acylation agents.

What amino acids can be converted to alpha-ketoglutarate?

Alpha-ketoglutarate is produced from arginine, glutamate, glutamine, histidine and proline. Leucine and lysine yield acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA.

Is alpha-ketoglutarate the same as glutamine?

2004; Kowalik et al. 2005). Moreover, AKG has the same carbon skeleton as glutamine and can prevent muscle protein catabolism seen after surgery or trauma, thus improving nitrogen balance (Wernerman et al. 1990; Blomqvist et al. 1995; Wiren et al.

What is the purpose of alpha-ketoglutarate?

Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a key molecule in the Krebs cycle determining the overall rate of the citric acid cycle of the organism. It is a nitrogen scavenger and a source of glutamate and glutamine that stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation in muscles.

How do you make alpha-ketoglutarate?

α-Ketoglutarate can be produced by:

1. Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate by isocitrate dehydrogenase.
2. Oxidative deamination of glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase.
3. From galacturonic acid by the organism Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

How is glutamate converted to glutamine?

Glutamate can be transported out of the extracellular space into either astrocytes or neurons. In astrocytes, glutamate is converted into glutamine by glutamine synthetase (GS), released into the extracellular space, taken up by neurons and converted back into glutamate by phosphate activated glutaminase (GA).

Are α-ketoglutarate and glucose metabolic alterations associated with IDH-mutant gliomas?

In the center of the metabolic alterations is α-ketoglutarate (αKG), an intermediate metabolite in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the associated amino acid glutamate (Glu). This article highlights the role of these metabolites in glioma energy and lipid production and indicates possible weak spots of IDH-mutant and IDH-wt gliomas.

What is alpha-ketoglutarate (kg)?

Alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) is a crucial metabolite in all living organisms, as it participates in a variety of biochemical processes. We have previously shown that this keto acid is an antioxidant and plays a key role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

How is glutamate synthesized in bone?

In addition, glutamate, released from nerve fibers in bone tissue, is synthesized by the reductive amination of AKG in peri-vein hepatocytes (Stoll et al., 1991) and can give rise to an increase in proline synthesis, which plays a central role in the synthesis of collagen (Kristensen et al., 2002).

What is the role of alpha-ketoglutarate in the treatment of dermal fibroblasts?

Son ED, Choi GH, Kim H, Lee B, Chang IS, Hwang JS. Alpha-ketoglutarate stimulates procollagen production in cultured human dermal fibroblasts, and decreases UVB-induced wrinkle formation following topical application on the dorsal skin of hairless mice.